高中英文文法:假設語氣重點架構
假設語氣(Subjunctive Mood)在英文中用來表達與事實相反的假設情境、願望或不可能實現的情況。
以下是主要的假設語氣文法重點,分為與現在事實相反及與過去事實相反的兩大類。
一、與現在事實相反的假設語氣
用來表達「如果現在不是這樣,而是另一種情況會如何」。
句型結構:
If + 主詞 + 過去式動詞,主詞 + would/could/might + 原形動詞
注意:「be 動詞」在假設語氣中一律使用 were,無論主詞是什麼。
例句:
If I were rich, I would travel around the world.
(如果我現在很有錢,我會環遊世界。)
→ 事實:我現在並不富有。
If she knew his address, she could send him a letter.
(如果她知道他的地址,她可以寄信給他。)
→ 事實:她現在不知道他的地址。
常見用法:
倒裝句型:
Were I you, I would take the chance.
(如果我是你,我會抓住這個機會。)
→ 意同:If I were you, I would take the chance.
與虛擬願望結合(wish):
I wish I had more time to study.
(我希望我有更多時間讀書。)
→ 事實:我現在沒有足夠的時間。
二、與過去事實相反的假設語氣
用來表達「如果過去不是這樣,而是另一種情況會如何」。
句型結構:
If + 主詞 + had + 過去分詞,主詞 + would/could/might + have + 過去分詞
例句:
If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.
(如果我當時更努力學習,我就會通過考試。)
→ 事實:我當時沒有努力學習,結果沒通過考試。
If they had left earlier, they could have caught the train.
(如果他們早點出發,就能趕上火車。)
→ 事實:他們沒有早點出發,結果錯過了火車。
常見用法:
倒裝句型:
Had I known the truth, I would have acted differently.
(如果我當時知道真相,我會有不同的行動。)
→ 意同:If I had known the truth, I would have acted differently.
與虛擬願望結合(wish):
I wish I had prepared better for the presentation.
(我希望我當時為簡報準備得更充分。)
→ 事實:我當時準備得不夠充分。
三、其他補充用法
混合條件句(Mixed Conditionals):
假設語氣可以混合使用,表達過去事件對現在的影響。
例句:If I had saved more money, I would be able to buy a car now.
(如果我過去存了更多錢,現在就能買車了。)
常見搭配詞(should, were to):
If + 主詞 + should + 原形動詞(表示未來可能性低的情況)
例:If it should rain, we will cancel the trip.
If + 主詞 + were to + 原形動詞(強調虛構性更高的情況)
例:If she were to quit, the project would fail.